Grade-X-Exam-Oriented Geography PYQs with Solutions | PAP Sir

                       Grade-X-Exam-Oriented Geography  PYQs with Solutions | PAP Sir

1. Resources and Development

1. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials.

a)     Agro-based : Cotton, Woollen, Jute, Silk textile, Rubber and sugar, Tea, Coffee, Edible oil

b)     Mineral-based : Iron and steel, Cement, Aluminium, Machine tools, Petrochemicals 

2. Which are the two sectors based on the ownership of resources? Explain each of them.  

Public Sector and Private Sector. 

a)     Public Sector: The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. 

Ex : -Railway or Post office are examples of Public Sector.

b)     Private Sector- Ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hands of private individuals or companies. 

                                                              i.      Ex : Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO),

                                                            ii.      Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) are privately owned companies.

3. Suggest any two ways to solve the problem of land degradation.

i. Afforestation and proper management of posture.

ii. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on overgrazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes are some of the methods to check land degradation in arid areas.

iii. Proper management of waste lands.

iv. Control of mining activities.

v. Proper discharge and disposal of industries effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. 

4. Suggest any two ways for the conservation of resources.

i. Avoid over utilization of Resources.

ii. Recycle of Resources.

iii. Reduce wastage of resources.

iv. Judicious use of resources.

v. Any other relevant point.

5. Explain the measures to reduce land degradation.

a)     Afforestation

b)     Planting shelter belts of plants,

c)      Control on overgrazing,

d)     Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes in arid areas.

e)     Proper management of wasteland.

f)       Control of mining activities.

g)     Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment in industrial and suburban areas.

5.A. Explain the measures to reduce soil erosion.

a)     Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.

b)      Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion.

c)      Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind.

d)     Planting lines of trees to create shelter belts to stop soil erosion.

6. Explain the main features of commercial agriculture.

a)     Crops are grown for the purpose of selling in market.

b)     Higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides are used to obtain higher productivity.

c)      The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.

d)      Plantation is also a type of commercial farming.

e)     In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area.

f)       The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

g)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers.

h)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.

7. Explain any two problems of the ‘global ecology’ arising due to indiscriminate use of resources.

(i) Human beings use the resources indiscriminately and this has led to major problems.

(ii) This has led to global ecological crisis such as global warming.

(iii) Ozone layer is being depleted.

(iv) It has increased environmental pollution.

(v) Land degradation is also increasing.

8. Why is planning necessary for judicious use of resources? Explain.

a)     Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.

b)      It has importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.

c)       There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.

d)     There are some regions which can be considered self-sufficient in terms of  the availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.

e)     For example, the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.

f)        Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources but lacks in infrastructural development.

g)     The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

h)     The cold desert of Ladakh is relatively isolated from the rest of the country.

i)       It has very rich cultural heritage but it is deficient in water, infrastructure and some vital minerals.

j)       This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.

9. Describe any two features of ‘arid soils’.

a)     Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. 

b)     They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.

c)      In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.

d)     Due to the dry climate and high temperature evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.

e)     The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. 

10. Describe any two features of ‘forest soils’. 

a)     Mainly found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.

b)     Soils texture varies according to the mountain environment.

c)      Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.

d)     In the snow-covered areas of Himalayas, these soils experience denudation and are acidic with low humus content.

e)     The soils found in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

11. “Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of  resources.” Explain the statement.

a)     Planning is important for a country which has enormous diversity in the availability of resources.

b)     It is important for regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.

c)      Planning helps in balanced distribution of resources across national, state and regional levels.

d)     Planning helps in sustainable development.

12.  “An equitable distribution of resources has become essential for a sustained quality of human life.” Explain the statement.

a.       Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development.

b.      If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continue the future of our planet will be in danger.

c.       There is a dire need to address economic and environmental protection plans.

d.      Uneven distribution of resources will create a wide gap in regional development resulting in disunity in a nation. 

e.       Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life.

f.        Appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up is required for resource development and distribution.

g.       Judicious use of resources with qualitative and quantitative estimates is necessary.

13.. “It would be beneficial to develop sustainable way to meet the growing energy demand in India.” Support the statement  by giving suitable arguments. 

a)     Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.

b)     Every sector like agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic- needs inputs of energy.

c)      Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.

d)     Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

e)     Need of the hour is to develop a sustainable path of energy development through use of energy efficient programmes.

f)       Public awareness campaigns to promote the idea of energy conservation.

g)     Cautious approach to the judicious use of limited energy resources.

h)     Use of non-conventional sources of energy like solar, wind and geo- thermal

i)       Adopting small steps to save energy like use of public transport, switching of electricity when not in use, using power saving devices etc.

14. “We have to use a planned and sustainable manner to conserve our minerals.” Support the statement by giving suitable arguments.

(i) Mineral resources are finite and non-renewable.

(ii) Example, coal and iron ore which will take millions of years to be created and concentrated.

(iii) High dependence of industry and agriculture on mineral deposits.

(iv) Replenishment of used resources is a time-consuming process.

(v) Judicious use of mineral resources is the need of the hour

(vi) Improving technology to allow the use of low-grade ores at low  cost.

(vii) Reusing of metals.

(viii) Enforcement of stricter regulations of environmental laws.

 

15. Explain the main features of alluvial soil.

(i)       Alluvial soil have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems– the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

(ii)     The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.

(iii)  As we move inlands towards the river valleys, soil particles appear somewhat bigger in size.

(iv)   In the upper reaches of the river valley i.e. near the place of the break of slope, the soils are coarse, commonly found in piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.

(v)     According to their age alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).

(vi)   The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. Khadar has more fine particles and is more fertile than the bangar.

(vii) Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime, ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.

(viii)    Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

16. Explain the various stages of resource planning and its need in India.

     Resource planning is a complex process which involves:

(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of  the country.

(ii) This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 

(iii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. 

(iv) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. 

(v) India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning.

Need in India:

(i) Resources are essential for development.

(ii) Technology and quality human resources are prerequisites for development of any region.

(iii) Uneven distribution of resources.

17. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with examples. 

a)     Sustainability is important for development because it results in protecting the people against pollution ensuring their quality of life and health.

b)      Conserving the environment which is necessary for development.

c)      Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as groundwater, wind energy and solar energy.

d)     Groundwater is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.

e)     Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replenished. Over usage of resources need to be checked.

f)       We do discover new resources that we did not know of earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get depleted/used.

 

2. Forest and Wildlife Resources

1. Suggest any two measures for the conservation of the forest.

i. Excessive cutting down of forest trees should not be allowed by the Government to conserve forests.

ii. More trees should be planted in the forest in place of cut down trees to conserve forests.

iii. Paper products such as old newspapers, magazines, books and notebooks etc. should be recycled.

iv. Laws should be implemented to save the forest.

v. Communities should be made aware about conservations of forests. 

vi. Any other relevant point. 

2. Suggest any two measures for the conservation of wildlife.

i. To survey and collect all the information about wildlife, especially, their number of growth.

ii. To protect habitat by protecting forests.

iii. To delimit the areas of their natural habitat.

iv. To protect wildlife from pollution and from natural hazard.

v. In order to protect animals, many national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves should be set up.

vi. Laws should be implemented to save the wildlife.

vii. Programmes such as Joint Forest Management should be encouraged.

3. Describe the steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country. 

The various steps taken to conserve the flora and fauna of the country include:

a)     Implementation of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

b)     Controlling deforestation and promoting afforestation programmes.

c)      Providing legal protection to animals by enforcing laws against hunting and poaching.

d)     Raising public awareness about the importance of forests and their biodiversity.

e)     Establishing biosphere reserves; India has set up 18 such reserves.

f)       Offering financial and technical support to various botanical gardens.

g)     Implementing focused projects like Project Tiger, Project Rhino, and Project Great Indian Bustard.

h)     Creating 106 national parks and 565 wildlife sanctuaries to protect natural heritage.

4. Analyse any four reasons for the depletion of forest resources in India. 

 Reasons for the depletion of forest resources in India are:

           i.      Extensive use of forest products such as wood, barks, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder, manure etc.

         ii.      Agricultural expansion, development of railways, mining, commercial and social forestry.

       iii.      Substantial forests in the tribal belts of northeastern states have been degraded by shifting cultivation (Jhumming) or slash and burn agriculture.

       iv.      Large scale developmental projects like Narmada Sagar Project of Madhya Pradesh which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forests.

          v.      Mining is another important factor, as in the Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by dolomite mining. It has disturbed the natural habitat of many species and migration route of animals, especially the great Indian elephant.

3. Water Resources

1. Describe any five steps taken to save fresh water from industrial pollution.

a)     Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. 

b)     Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. 

c)      Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

d)     Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases- Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. 

e)     Secondary treatment by biological process. 

f)       Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. 

g)     This involves recycling of wastewater. 

h)     Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances. 

i)       Any other relevant point.

2. Explain any three factors responsible for water pollution.

(i)          Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and affluents discharged into rivers. 

(ii)        The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries.

(iii)     These industries let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts, heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilizers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

(iv)      Fly ash, phospo- gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India. 

 

3. How has the overuse of underground water created a serious crisis in many parts of India? Explain with examples in the context of sustainable development.

a)     Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. This resource is replenished by nature. 

b)     Even this resource may be overused by excessive irrigation, industries etc. 

c)      In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.

Examples in the context of sustainability:

a)     Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. 

b)     Many districts have reported steep decline in water level. 

c)      Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. 

d)     In the coming years, if the present way of using this resource continues, most parts of the country will face a serious water crisis. 

e)     Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.

4. How have industrialization and urbanization impacted water supply? Explain.

a)     Industrialisation and urbanisation have put immense pressure on water supply in India:

b)     Industries are heavy users of water and also need large amounts of power, much of which comes from hydroelectric sources.

c)      Many industries discharge wastes, chemicals, and effluents, making freshwater hazardous for use.

d)     Rapid growth of cities with dense populations has increased demand. Most colonies have their own pumps, leading to over-exploitation and depletion of fragile groundwater resources.

5. Explain any three aims of Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). 

a)     The Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) was started by the Government of India with the goal of providing safe water in rural areas. Its aims are:

b)     To provide every rural household with a regular supply of potable piped water.

c)      To ensure at least 55 litres per person per day is available.

d)     To make sure tap connections remain functional on a long-term basis.

e)     Thus, JJM focuses on improving the quality of life and ensuring safe drinking water for all rural households.

6. "Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population in India." Analyse the statement.   

a)     Water scarcity in India is exacerbated by its large and growing population:

b)     Greater demands for water arise not only from domestic use but also from increased food production.

c)      Densely populated areas experience groundwater over-exploitation, significantly lowering water tables.

d)     Industrial demands and associated pollution further strain freshwater resources, contributing to water scarcity in many Indian cities.

7. "Multi-purpose projects and large dams have been the cause of many new social movements." Highlight the concerns related to such movements. 

a)     Resistance to these projects (Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan) has primarily been due to the large-scale displacement of local communities.

b)      So, if the local people are not benefiting from such projects then who is benefited? With abundance of water many farmers shifting to water intensive and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.

c)      It has transformed the social landscape i.e. increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.

8. "Water harvesting system is an effective measure to reduce the problem of water scarcity.” Justify the statement. 

A large amount of this precious water just drains away. The only way to save this water from wastage is by rainwater harvesting. In its simplest form it involves storing the rainwater in tanks, or by making embankments etc. The different methods of rainwater harvesting used in India have been as follows:

a)     Guls or Kuls in the Western Himalayas.

b)     Rooftop rainwater harvesting in Rajasthan associated with tankas. Khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan were also popular.

c)      Inundation channels in West Bengal

d)     In Meghalaya which gets copious rain, rainwater harvesting is commonly practiced.

e)     In modern civil construction and housing societies provision for rainwater harvesting.

9. Explain any three reasons for which the multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition in the recent years.  

(a) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.

(b) Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.

(c) The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.

10. How have industrialisation and urbanisation impacted water supply? Explain.

(i) It has created a huge pressure on our water resources.

(ii) Fragile water resources are being over-exploited.

(iii) Depletion of ground water resources.

(iv) Untreated release of affluents by industries have increased the toxicity in water.

4. Agriculture

1. Explain any two features of Rabi cropping season.

a.    Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December.

b.   These are harvested in summer from April to June. 

c.    Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. 

d.   These crops are grown in large parts of India, 

e.    States from the north and north-western parts such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of wheat and other rabi crops.

2. Mention any two features of Plantation agriculture. 

a)     Use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.   

b)     A single crop is grown on a large area.

c)      The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

d)     Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. 

e)     All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc., are important plantation crops.

f)        Tea in Assam and North Bengal and coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation crops grown in these States.

g)      The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

3. Explain any two features of Primitive Subsistence farming

a)     This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of  India.

b)     It is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour.

c)      This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.

d)     It is a ‘slash and burn’ agriculture.

e)     Farmers clear a patch of land and produce crops to sustain their family.

f)        Land productivity is low as the farmer does not use modern inputs.

4. Explain the features of primitive subsistence and commercial farming in India.

 Primitive Subsistence Farming:

a)     This type of farming is still practised in few pockets of India.

b)     Primitive subsistence farming practised on small patches of land.

c)      Use primitive tools like Hoe, Dao and digging sticks.

d)      This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of soil and  suitability of essential condition to crops grown.

e)     It is a slash and burn agriculture.

f)        Any other relevant Points.

Commercial farming:

a)     The main characteristics of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs e.g., HYV seeds, Chemical fertilizers insecticides and pesticides.

b)      It obtains higher productivity.

c)       The degree of commercialisation of agriculture varies from one region to another.

d)     Plantation is also a type of Commercial farming.

e)     Example : Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crops.

5. Explain the features of intensive subsistence and plantation farming in India.

Intensive Subsistence Farming:

(i) This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land.

(ii) It is labour-intensive farming

(iii) High doses of biochemical inputs

(iv) Irrigation is used for obtaining higher production.

(v) Any other relevant point.

Plantation Farming:

i. It is a type of commercial farming.

ii. In this type of farming a single crop is grown.

iii. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry.

iv. Plantations cover large tracts of land intensive imports with help of migrant labours.

 

6. Differentiate between Rabi and kharif cropping sessions.

Rabi Crops

Kharif Crops

(i) Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June.   (ii) Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.   (iii) Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh are important for the production of rabi crops.   (iv) Require warm climate for germination and cold climate to grow. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.

(i) Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October.   (ii) Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, groundnut and soyabean.   (iii) Some of the important rice growing regions are Assam, west Bengal, coastal regions of Odisha,Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and  Maharashtra, particularly the Konkan coast with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.   (iv) Kharif crops require hot weather and good rainfall.

7. Explain the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy.

a)     Gives employment- Two-third of India’s population engaged in agricultural activities. 

b)     Provide livelihood to more than half of the population.

c)      Produces food for consumption.

d)     Produces raw material for various industries.

e)     Provides agricultural products for exports (E.g., Tea, coffee, spices)

f)       Contributes to the National income.

g)     Contribute in the GDP.

h)     Any other relevant point.

i)       Any five points to be explained.

8. Explain the Technological and Institutional reforms taken by the government in the interest of farmers.

a)     Green Revolution based on package technology.

a)     White Revolution

b)     Weather Bulletin

c)      Agricultural programs for the farmers on radio and televisions

d)     HYV Seeds

e)     Use of fertilizers, manure, insecticides, pesticides, etc.

f)       Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease.

g)     Establishment of Grameen Banks, Cooperative Societies, and Banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of  interest.

h)     Kissan Credit Card (KCC)

i)       Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS).

j)       Special Weather Bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers.

k)     The government has also announced Minimum Support Price remunerative and procurement prices for important crops.

l)       Check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

9. Describe any three features of cultivation of millets in India.

a)     Jowar, Bajra, Ragi are few important millets grown in India.

b)     It is a rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas, which hardly need irrigation. 

c)      Major jowar producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. 

d)     Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Major bajra producing states are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat,

e)     Ragi is a crop of dry seasons and grows well on red, black, sandy loamy soils.

10. Describe any three impacts of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

a)     Farmers are investing in new technology in farming genetically modified seeds and organic farming.

b)      They are diversifying from traditional crops to a wide range of high value crops- horticulture, millets, herbs and mushrooms.

c)      Small and marginal farmers are adopting inexpensive organic farming

d)     Farmers are exploring new markets outside India.

e)     Agricultural progress for farmers.

f)        Insurance schemes for farmers.

11. Read the story of Rinjha and answer the question that follows:

Story of Rinjha

      Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and her family’s search for a fresh patch of land in the next season.

What type of farming is Rinjha’s family doing? Describe any two of its characteristics.

Type of farming- Primitive subsistence farming 

Features of primitive subsistence farming:

(i) This farming is practiced on small patches of land.

(ii) It is done with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks.

(iii) It is done with the help of family or community labour.

(iv) This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the  crops grown.

12. Read the story and answer the questions that follows:

Story of Rinjha

Rinjha lived with her family in a small village at the outskirts of Diphu in Assam. She enjoys watching her family members clearing, slashing and  burning a patch of land for cultivation. She often helps them in irrigating  the fields with water running through a bamboo canal from the nearby spring. She loves the surroundings and wants to stay here as long as she  can, but this little girl has no idea about the declining fertility of the soil and  her families search for a fresh patch of land in the next season. Suggest any three measures to Rinjha so that the fertility of the soil of her  fields remains intact for a long time.

(i) Use of crop rotation method.

(ii) Use of manure.

(iii) Growing leguminous crops

(iv) Managing pests and plant diseases.

13. The Government of India has invited some suggestions for institutional reforms in agriculture. Propose any five institutional reforms to the Government for the betterment of agriculture.

a)     Implementation of Crop Insurance Scheme against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease in an effective manner.

b)     Encourage farmers to borrow loan from the Grameen Banks, Co-operative societies and Banks.

c)      Promote the use of the Kisan Credit Cards among peasants.

d)     Promote Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

e)     Co-ordination over Minimum Support Price to avoid the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

f)       Awareness among farmers about special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers.

14. Suppose you are a farmer. You want to cultivate rice in India. Describe any three geographical conditions which will be suitable for rice cultivation in India and write the names of two leading rice producing states of India. 

 (i) Rice is a kharif crop.

(ii)  It requires high temperatures (above 25°C) for cultivation. 

(iii) It requires high humidity for cultivation. 

(iv)  It requires more than 100 cm of rainfall for cultivation.

(v)  In areas with less rainfall, it can be cultivated through proper irrigation.

(vi)  Major rice-producing states are West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu

15. Examine the measures taken by the government to make agriculture profitable in India.

a)     Land reforms in the 1980s and 1990s included institutional and technical reforms.

b)     Provisions for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease were introduced.

c)      Establishment of Grameen banks and cooperative societies for providing loans at lower rates of interest.

d)     Initiative taken by the government to provide Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

e)     Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) introduced by the government.

f)       Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.

g)     Announcement of MSP, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops by the government.

16. Explain any two efforts taken by the government of India to modernise agriculture.

Considering the importance of agriculture in India, the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernise agriculture.  

a)     Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services

b)     Animal breeding centres.

c)      Horticulture development. 

d)     Research and development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast, etc.

e)     Improving the rural infrastructure to strengthen and support agricultural sector.

f)       Several initiatives have been taken by Government of India under ‘The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.’’

5. Minerals and Energy Resources

1. “Energy saved is energy produced”. Support the statement.

a)     There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of development. 

b)     Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy

c)      resources are twin planks of energy conservation.

d)     Judicious use of limited energy resources.

e)     Reduce, reuse and recycling of resources.

f)       Stoppage of wastage of resources

2. Why is there a pressing need to use non –conventional energy resources? Explain.    

a)     Limited availability of resources

b)     The growing consumption of energy has resulted in depletion of fossil fuels.

c)      Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties.

d)     Increasing use of fossil fuel has caused serious environmental problems.

e)     Urbanization and industrialization 

3. Analyse any three ways to conserve energy resources.

a)     Promotion of energy conservation.

b)     Increasing use of renewable energy sources.

c)      Judicious use of energy resources. 

d)     Use energy efficient technology

e)     Reduce, reuse and recycle

4. ‘The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of  development. Explain with examples.        

a)     Conservation of environment is necessary for development.

b)     Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as groundwater, wind energy and solar energy.

c)       We have a fixed stock of resources on earth which cannot be replenished so need to conserve it for sustainable  development.

d)     Conservation of resources is not nation specific issue

e)     Our future sustenance is linked with the conservation of resources.

5. How is energy a basic requirement for economic development? Explain.

                 i.   Energy is required for all activities for example cooking, light,propelling vehicles, run machinery in industries, etc.

               ii.   Energy can be classified as conventional and non- conventional sources of energy.

             iii.   Energy is required for large scale manufacturing that is essential for economic development.

             iv.   Energy is also required for the development of small scale industries.

                v.   Energy is required to modernise agriculture and increase agricultural production.

             vi.   Examples of conventional sources of energy are firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity (thermal) etc.

           vii.   Examples of non-conventional sources of energy are solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, biogas, etc

6. How are conventional sources of energy different from non conventional sources? Explain.

  i.   Conventional sources of energy are exhaustible, non-conventional sources are renewable.

ii.   Conventional sources of energy take a long time to form. Non conventional forms of energy are readily available

iii.   Conventional forms of energy are usually derived from fossil fuels.  Non-conventional sources of energy are derived from sources like sun, wind and Earth.

iv.   Conventional sources of energy are relatively cheaper. Non Conventional energy sources are initially expensive but become cheaper in due course of time.

 v.   Non-conventional sources of energy are sustainable while  Conventional sources of energy are not sustainable.

vi.   Conventional sources of energy often cause air and water pollution. Non-conventional sources of energy cause less damage to the environment.

vii.   Examples of Conventional sources of energy are firewood, petroleum, coal, natural gas etc. Examples of non- conventional energy sources are solar, tidal, wind, hydel power.

7. Promotion of energy conservation is important plank of sustainable energy. Explain the statement with examples.

        i.            Judicious use of limited energy resources.

      ii.            For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles.

    iii.            Switching off electricity when not in use.

    iv.            Using power saving devices.

       v.            Using non-conventional sources of energy.

8. Energy is required for all kinds of activities. Explain the statement with examples.

a)     Energy is a basic requirement for economic development as it is needed for all types of activities.

b)     In agriculture, energy is required for water pumps, tractor and other harvesting machines. Green revolution further increased need of energy for using modern farming methods.

c)      No industry can run without energy. With growth of industrial sector the need of energy is rapidly rising all over the country.

d)     Transport sector has high consumption of energy.

e)     Commercial and domestic sectors of the economy need inputs of energy.

9. Why is the conservation of conventional sources of energy significant? Explain any two reasons.

  i.      Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.

ii.      Every sector of the national economy -agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic-needs inputs of energy.

iii.      The implementation of economic developmental plans require increasing amounts of energy.

iv.      The consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising and hence there is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

 v.      The conventional sources of energy require millions of years to be created and concentrated. For example coal.

10. Explain with examples the importance of minerals for human life.

a)     Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.

b)     Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.

c)      The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals.

d)     Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.

e)     The food that we eat contains minerals.

f)       In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

11. Explain the importance of non-conventional sources of energy with examples.

a)     The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.

b)     Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.

c)      Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.

d)     India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.

e)     It has various programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources.

f)       There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

g)     Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

12. How is energy a basic requirement for economic development of a country?Explain with examples.

a)     Every sector of the national economy- agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic needs inputs of energy. 

b)      The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amount of energy to remain operational.

c)      Energy is used for manufacturing of products.

13. “Minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks.” Explain the statement with example.

a)     Minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.

b)     The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes.

c)      In most cases they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. Eg, tin, copper, zinc and lead.

14. “The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals.” Explain the statement with example.

a)     Most of the minerals are too widely diffused to be of economic significance.

b)     Common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean water.

c)      The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules

 

15. Why has the issue of sustainability become essential for development in present times? Explain with examples.

a)     We would like the level of development to go up further.

b)      Sustainability is environment friendly economic development this is obviously desirable.

c)      Non- renewable sources will get exhausted after a few years.

d)     We need to look for alternative sustainable sources like non conventional sources like solar, wind and tidal energy  

e)     Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle resources.

f)       Use resources judiciously.

16. Explain the importance of non-conventional sources of energy with examples.

a)     The growing consumption of energy has resulted in the country becoming increasingly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas.

b)     Rising prices of oil and gas and their potential shortages have raised uncertainties about the security of energy supply in future, which in turn has serious repercussions on the growth of the national economy.

c)      Increasing use of fossil fuels also causes serious environmental problems. There is a pressing need to use renewable energy sources like solar energy, wind, tide, biomass and energy from waste material.

d)      India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass.

e)     It has various programmes for the development of these renewable energy resources.

f)       There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.

g)     Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy.

17. Explain with examples the importance of minerals for human life.

a)     Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives.

b)     Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.

c)      The railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery too are made from minerals

d)     Cars, buses, trains, aero planes are manufactured from minerals and run on power resources derived from the earth.

e)     The food that we eat contains minerals.

f)       In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites.

 

 

 

6. Manufacturing Industries

1. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries. 

a)     The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries and is considered the backbone of the economy.    

b)     Helps to modernize agriculture

c)      Reduces dependency on agriculture

d)     Help to eradicate unemployment and poverty

e)     Reduces regional disparities by setting up industries in remote areas.

f)       Earns foreign exchange

g)     Brings overall prosperity           

2. Explain any five ways to reduce industrial pollution.            

(i)   Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages

(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements

(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

 Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases 

(a) Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening,  grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. 

(b) Secondary treatment by biological process

(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of wastewater.

  (iv)Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat to ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally.

 (v)Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. 

(vi)Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

(vii) Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noises.

3. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.” Explain with examples. 

a)     Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy, they also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

b)     Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.

c)      It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in Tribal and Backward areas.

d)     Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

e)     Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.  

4. How has Information Technology affected Electronic Industry? Explain.

a)     The electronics industry covers a wide range of products.

b)     These include transistor sets, television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments.

c)      The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of electronic industry.

d)     It has enabled more productivity, quality of service and efficiency in the Electronic Industry.

5. ‘Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development’. Justify the statement.

a)     Movement of goods and services can be over three important domains of our Earth i.e. Land, Water, and Air. Based on  these, transport can also be classified into water and air transport.

b)     Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast-moving transport.

c)      Transport helps us in interacting with others in all the parts of the world

d)     Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances.

e)     Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories.

f)       Water provides the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade.

g)     Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport. 

6. How is the issue of sustainability important for the development? Explain.

        i.            Sustainability is important for development because it results in protecting the people against pollution ensuring their quality of life and health.

      ii.            Conserving the environment which is necessary for development.

    iii.            Development can be sustained in any economy by using renewable resources such as groundwater, wind energy and solar energy.

    iv.            Groundwater is an example of renewable resource. These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and plants. However, even these resources may be overused. For example, in the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished by rain then we would be overusing this resource.

       v.            Non-renewable resources are those which will get exhausted after a few years of use. We have a fixed stock on earth which cannot be replenished. Over usage of resources need to be checked

    vi.            Conservation of resources for the future generations.

  vii.            We do discover new resources that we did not know earlier. New sources in this way add to the stock. However, over time, even this will get depleted/used.

7. “Tertiary sector has a pivotal role in the economy of the country”. Support your answer with day-to-day examples.

a)  Tertiary sector is the third category of activities after primary and secondary sectors.

b)  The activities of tertiary sector help in the development of the primary and tertiary sector.

c)   These activities by themselves do not produce a good but they are an aid or a support for the production process.

d)  Tertiary sector provides services like transport, banking, communication, storage, trade etc.

e)  Since these activities generate services rather than goods, the tertiary sector is also called service sector. It includes some essential services that may not directly help in production of goods. For traders and doctors etc.

f)    Tertiary sector provides employment to a large number of people.

g)  The share of tertiary sector in GDP is the highest in our country.

h)  Tertiary sector also helps in bringing the much required foreign reserves.  

 

8. “The development process of India has experienced transformation due to the significant influence of information technology (I.T) and electronic industry.” Explain the statement with examples.

a)     The electronics industry covers a wide range of product from transistor sets to television, telephones, cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radar, computers and many other equipment’s required by telecommunication industry.

b)     Bengaluru has emerges as the electronic capital of India.

c)      Other important centers for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

d)      The speedy communication has given boost to India’s contact with the outside world.

e)     A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation.

f)       The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry.

g)     Development of satellite technology.

h)     Due to information technology and electronic industry trade and commerce are expanding.

i)       Expansion of diversified Manufacturing Industries.

j)       It helps in providing economic strength of nation.

 

 

9. Describe the role of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country. 

a)     Over the last two decades, GDP of the country has been improved due to

b)     the manufacturing sector.

c)      Helped in the modernization of agriculture.

d)     Helped in the reduction of unemployment and poverty.

e)     Helped in bridging down the regional disparity.

f)       Helped in the expansion of trade and commerce.

g)     Helped in raising foreign exchange. 

10. “Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development of the country.” Justify the statement.

a)     Manufacturing industries helps in modernizing agriculture.

b)     They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in the secondary and tertiary sectors.

c)       Industrial development is also a pre-condition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country.

d)     It also helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward industries.

e)     Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

f)      Manufacturing contributes to the GDP and increase in per capita income.

11. “Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.” Justify the statement.

a)     The agro industries have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

b)     The depend on the latter for raw materials.

c)       They sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools to the farmers.

d)     Development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturalists in increasing their production but also made the production process very efficient.

e)     Both sectors have created job markets in agriculture, manufacturing and service sector.

12. “Agriculture and industries complement each other.” Justify the statement.

a)     Agriculture and industries are not exclusive of each other. They move hand in hand.

b)      For instance, Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.

c)      Industries depend on agriculture for raw material and provide their products for example, irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools etc to the agricultural sector.

d)     The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their productions but also made production process very efficient.

e)     In the present day of globalization, our industries need to be more efficient and competitive. This will increase the productivity of agriculture sector as well.

 

13. Explain the role of industries in increasing air pollution and suggest measures to control it.

Role of industries in increasing air pollution-

a)     Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

b)     Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. 

c)      Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

d)     Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.

Suggestions to control air pollution-

a)     Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by increasing the height of chimneys.

b)     Fitting smoke stacks to factories with-  electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.

c)       Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.

d)      Shift to renewable energy sources.

14. Explain the measures taken by ‘National Thermal Power Corporation’ to prevent environmental degradation.

a)     The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places where  it is setting up power plants.

b)     This has been possible through optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. 

c)      Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.

d)     Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation. 

e)     Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash  water recycling system and liquid waste management.

f)       Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.

15. Study the given flow chart and answer the question that follows: 

Explain the added value product in the textile industry on the bases of above flowchart.

(i)                Cotton is harvested from cotton plants and processed to remove seeds and impurities. The raw fibre obtained is the initial stage of value addition.

(ii)              The raw cotton fibre is spun into yarns through various spinning techniques. It enhances the usability of cotton by making it  suitable for weaving or knitting.

(iii)           The spun yarn is woven or knitted to create fabric. This step transforms the material into a more functional form, adding value by making it suitable for further processing.

(iv)            The fabric undergoes dyeing, printing, and finishing processes to improve its aesthetic appeal, durability, and texture. This increases the fabric's market value and makes it ready for garment production.

(v)              The finished fabric is cut and stitched into garments such as shirts, dresses, or jeans making it ready for consumers.

(vi)            Cotton industry, by creating demands supports many other  industries, such as chemicals and dyes.

16. Study the given flowchart and answer the question that follows:

 Explain the steel manufacturing process on the bases of the above flowchart.

(i)                Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are transported to the steel plant. (Example: Iron ore from mines in India (like Odisha or Jharkhand) is transported to steel plants). 

(ii)              The raw materials are fed into a blast furnace, where they are melted at high temperatures. (Example: In steel plants, coke is used as fuel to melt iron ore).

(iii)           The molten iron extracted from the blast furnace is called pig iron, which is high in carbon content and not yet steel. (Example: Pig iron is used for refining steel).

(iv)            The pig iron is processed in steel-making furnaces to reduce impurities and adjust its composition. (Example: Companies produce different grades of steel for various industrial uses).

(v)              The purified steel is then shaped into desired forms like sheets, rods, or beams through rolling, forging, or casting. (Example: Steel is used to manufacture construction materials, automobile parts, etc.).

17. Explain any three factors responsible for air pollution.

(i)                Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. 

(ii)              Air borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. 

(iii)           Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms. 

(iv)            Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects.  

(v)              Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the atmosphere as a whole.

E.1.Explain the differences between public and private sector of  economic activities.

PUBLIC SECTOR	PRIVATE SECTOR
1. The government owns most of the assets and provides all the services.	1. The ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the  hands of private individuals or companies.
2. For example- Indian  Railways, BHEL etc.	2. For example- TISCO, RIL  etc.
3. Governments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services rendered by it.	3. Their motive is to earn profits.
4. Governments spend on a whole range of activities at a low cost.	4. The private sector will not provide services at a reasonable cost.
5. Some of activities/services need spending large sums of money, which is beyond the capacity of the private sector. Examples are construction of roads, bridges, railways, harbours, generating electricity, providing irrigation	5. The private sector cannot spend large sums of money on services/activities..
6. Their services are for everyone.	6. They cannot provide services to everyone.

 

E.2. Explain the differences between the organised and unorganized sector of economic activities.

ORGANISED SECTOR	UNORGANISED SECTOR
1. Terms of employment are regular and secure.	1. Employment is not regular and secure.
2. They are registered and follow govt. rules and regulations e.g. Factory Act, Minimum wage Act, PF,  Gratuity etc.	2. They are outside the control of government and not registered.  They do not follow govt. rules and regulations.
3. Their job is secure and work for a fixed number of  hours. Paid extra for overtime.	3. Their job is insecure and work for a longer number of hours.
4. They get several benefits from their employer. e.g.  medical benefits, paid leaves, gratuity, provident  fund etc.	4. They do not get any benefits and facilities from their employer.
5. They also get facilities like safe drinking water, working environment etc.	5. They do not get any facility at all.

 

 

E.3.Assess the potential for job creation through the expansion of tertiary sector in rural areas.

a)     Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services.

b)     Development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc.

c)      As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.

d)     In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required. Large number of people can be employed in this sector.

e)     Many new services based on information and communication technology have become important and have increased the scope of employment in this sector.

E.4.“Recent evidence suggests that the overuse of groundwater is becoming a serious threat in many parts of the country.” Evaluate the statement in the context of sustainability of development.

a)     Sustainability refers to that kind of economic development that should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the need of the future generations.

b)     Ground water is an example of renewable resources. These resources are replenished by nature.

c)      The over use ground water is becoming a serious threat in many parts of the country due to population growth and agricultural practices.

d)     Excessive use of ground water for irrigation can deplete ground water level.

e)     A lack of effective policies and regulation can lead to unsustainable ground water use.

f)       About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters during the past 20 years.

g)      Nearly one third of the country is over using their ground water reserves.

h)     In another 25 years, 60 percent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this resource continues.

i)       Ground water overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh etc.

j)       Judicious use of water resources.

k)      Control over dumping of excessive and toxic waste on land to prevent pollution of ground water.

E.5.Suggest any three measures to increase employment opportunities in urban areas in India.

 (i) There should be improvement in education sector.

(ii) There should be improvement in healthcare sector.

(iii) Regional craft industry should be promoted.

(iv) More focus should be given on sectors like IT.

(v) Improvement and promotion of tourism sector.

(vi) Development of infrastructure like roads, highways, buildings, schools, etc. 

(vii) Few sectors require proper planning and support from the government.

Compiled by
P. Anandaperumal, M.A.,(English)B.Ed., M.A. (Economics), TEFL
PGT – Economics
📧 Email: anandsugan93@gmail.com