Important Dates-History - Grade X

          Important Dates-History

 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

DATE	INCIDENT
1688	The English parliament, which had seized power from the monarchy
1707	The Act of Union between England and Scotland that resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’
1797	Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin.
1798	The cover of a German almanac designed by the journalist Andreas Rebmann.
1804	The Civil Code /Napoleonic Code –
1804-15	Siberian Revolution against the Ottoman Empire
1805	Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini. Born in Genoa.
1814-1815	Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815	Treaty of Vienna
1821	The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began.
1824	The English poet Lord Byron died of fever.
1832	Treaty of Constantinople recognised Greece as an independent nation.
1830-31	Belgian Revolution
1830’s	Years of great economic hardship in Europe.
1833	Giuseppe Mazzini and the founding of Young Europe in Berne.
1834	A customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
1848	Revolutions in Europe; artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolt against economic hardships; middle classes demand constitutions and representative governments; Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demand nation-states.
1848.	The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and Social Republics The Pact Between Nations, a print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu,
18 May 1848	831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
1859-1870	Unification of Italy
1861	Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy
1866-1871	Unification of Germany
1867	The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in
January 1871	The Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
18 January 1871,	an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
1882	In a lecture delivered at the University of Sorbonne in 1882, the French philosopher Ernst Renan (1823-92) outlined his understanding of what makes a nation.
1905	Slave nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.

 

2. Nationalism in India

DATE	INCIDENT
1859	Inland Emigration  Act.
6 November 1913	Indian workers in South Africa march through Volksrust
1915	Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in January
1917	Gandhi travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
1917	Gandhi organised a satyagraha to support the peasants of the Kheda district of Gujarat.
1918	Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha movement amongst cotton mill workers.
1919	The Rowlatt Act
1919	Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919)
13 April 1919	The infamous Jallianwalla Bagh incident took place
March 1919	A Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay.
September 1920	Calcutta session of the Congress.
December 1920	Congress session at Nagpur.
1920	Formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress
January 1921.	The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began.
1922.	Chauri Chaura Incident.
February 1922	Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
1927	Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI)
1928	Vallabhbhai Patel led the peasant movement in Bardoli, a taluka in Gujarat, against enhancement of land revenue.
1928	Simon Commission arrived in India.
1928	The Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) was founded at a meeting in Ferozeshah Kotla ground in Delhi.
April 1929	Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly.
October 1929	Lord Irwin, announced in, a vague offer of ‘dominion statuses for India.
December 1929	Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.
26 January 1930	It was declared that would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
On 31 January 1930	Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.
1930	Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association.
5 March 1931.	Mahatma Gandhi once again decided to call off the Civil disobedience movement . Gandhi Irwin Pact
December 1931	Gandhiji went to London for the conference
September 1932.	Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact.
14 July 1942	The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha passed the historic ‘Quit India’ resolution demanding the immediate transfer of power to Indians and quit India
8 August 1942	Bombay, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech.

 

 

 

 

 

5. Print Culture and the Modern World

DATE	INCIDENT
AD 594	Books in China were printed by rubbing paper – also invented there – against the inked surface of woodblocks
AD 768-770	Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan.
AD 868	The oldest Japanese book, printed. It is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra
1753	Kitagawa Utamaro, born in Edo.
1295	Marco Polo,  great explorer, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China.
1430s.	Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press.
1517	The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
1558	The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books.
1579	Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book at Cochin
1710	Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts, many of them translations of older works.
1713	The first Malayalam book was printed
1780	James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette
1857	A children’s press, devoted to literature for children alone, was set up in France.
1867	The Deoband Seminary founded.
1871	Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest  ovements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri
1876	Rashsundari Debi’s autobiography Amar Jiban which was published.
1878	The Vernacular Press Act was passed, modelled on the Irish Press Laws.
1930s	Great Depression
1938	Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal.
2007	Tripitaka Koreana are a Korean collection of Buddhist scriptures. They were inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register .